畢光建Bee Kuang-Chien
青春不老，農村傳奇不滅（註一） 農村的參數式思考
Forever Countryside(note 1) – A Parametric Approach to Rural Living
南行的火車多坐幾次，田野間的訊息無須細讀，綠色的愜意很快地便轉成殷憂，綠色之中大辣辣地散置著：房舍，膠棚，網室，荒地，廣告，工廠，鐵皮屋，水泥路，砂石場等，農地中有一股蠢蠢欲動的能量，悄悄串聯，脈搏可聞，不知它將把台灣曾經的沃野良田帶往何處？
Taking southward train several times one would get the message from the scenes of fields- in no time the delightful greenness is going to be a worrying issue. Houses, plastic canopies, greenhouses, trashed lands, advertising boards, factories, cheap iron structures, concrete roads and gravel piles are invading farmlands. Behind the scenes a hideous energy is emerging and crawling, secretly gluing things together. What these once fertile farmlands will end up?
農村策略場 Rural Strategy Fields
台灣四通八達的道路，把西海岸的城鄉連成一氣，綿延道路兩側的建築，面貌模糊，建築附加物讓市街城鄉更加模糊，差別只剩下密度和高度的不同。台鐵的火車路線非常古老，依循地形邏輯，貫穿台灣南北，然而新興郊區城市的快速發展幾乎與鐵道無關，私人交通工具無情地取代大眾交通工具，新興城市捨棄了鐵路，也捨棄了省道，另覓蹊徑，無以饜足的去滿足汽車的邏輯，今天鬆散凌亂的汽車城市系統，影響所及，無論大城小鎮，都市鄉村，無一倖免。偶而，乘坐火車，緩緩南行，｢城外｣的面貌總算有機會逐漸浮現，綠色的鄉野由零碎而小片，由小片而大片，過了彰化，好不容易，整片整片的綠色田野終於回來，流過窗外。
The dense networks of roads have woven together all the cities, towns and villages along the west coast in Taiwan. Nevertheless, buildings flanking the roads usually have obscure faces, and their attached structures make the streets even more unrecognizable, the only differences are heights and densities of buildings. Railways built long time ago had followed the topography, stretching through the island from the north to the south. Unfortunately, the rising suburban cities have nothing to do with the railways. Private vehicles relentlessly take the place of public transportation, and in order to meet the never satisfied needs of cars, new cities construct new highways, giving up rails and local roads. The chaotic but overpowering urban systems for cars leave no mercy to metropolises, medium townships, or small villages. Not until when one takes train to the south, would the scenes outside of these systems reveal piece by piece. As the train moves slowly southward, tiny pieces of fields become bigger and bigger green chunks, and finally, when the train arrives Changhwa, intact green fields appear through the windows.
北台灣的土地與農作農耕，與糧食生產漸行漸遠，然而張嘴吃飯的人口，卻愈聚愈多，而且集中在北台灣。私部門主導的房地產開發，公部門主導的新市鎮規劃仍在持續的鯨吞素地，從南到北，動作劃一，毫不手軟，當此令人著急焦慮之際，政客沒有視野，政府沒有對策，國家更沒有決心。南行的火車多坐幾次，田野間的訊息無須細讀，綠色的愜意很快地便會轉成殷憂，綠色之中大辣辣地散置著：房舍，膠棚，網室，荒地，廣告，工廠，鐵皮屋，水泥路，砂石場等，農地中有一股蠢蠢欲動的能量，悄悄串聯，脈搏可聞，不知它將把台灣曾經的沃野良田帶往何處？
Land development and agriculture in northern Taiwan have gone further and further away from the supply of food while the population is still growing and concentrating. Undeveloped lands are engulfed by real estate developers, with the endorsement of governmental plans for more and more new cities. Throughout the island, their ruthless actions of devouring lands never slow down. It is the consequences of no vision, no determination and no solutions in the making of public policies. Taking southward train several times one would get the message from the scenes of fields- in no time the delightful greenness is going to be a worrying issue. Houses, plastic canopies, greenhouses, trashed lands, advertising boards, factories, cheap iron structures, concrete roads and gravel piles are invading farmlands. Behind the scenes a hideous energy is emerging and crawling, secretly gluing things together. What these once fertile farmlands will end up?
老朋友廖志桓建築師已經回鄉下老家發展，開了一家｢建築診所｣，一家餐廳，還有其它的。建築師給了我們十萬元：｢畢兄，帶學生下鄉來玩玩吧！｣
My old friend architect Liao Chi-Huan has returned his hometown. There he set up an architecture clinic and a restaurant, among other businesses. Liao donated one hundred thousand bucks and said to me, “Bro, bring some students here to have fun!”
｢哪裡？｣
“Where?”
｢雲林，莿桐！｣
“Cihtong, in Yunlin!”
我找了長期關心鄉村的黃瑞茂老師一起來面對這個似乎艱難，卻十分有趣的挑戰。我們結合了四年級的建築設計課，2012年春季班有13位學生，2012年秋季班有15位學生，一年下來，我們對鄉村的問題有了簡陋的了解，我們也初步的回應了一些問題。整體而言，我們學到了：鄉村並不寂靜，她需要更多的專業投入，我們的建築與都市背景專業在鄉間可以做的事非常多。
Foreseeing this project must be tough but exciting, I invited Prof. Huan Jui-Mao to take this challenge together. We combined two senior classes of design, thirteen students from the 2012 spring semester and fifteen students from 2012 fall semester. In a year, we have a rough understanding about the issues in countrysides and have come up some responses to these issues. We also realize that, countrysides are not forgotten, but they do need more professional input, and in the professions of architecture and urban planning, there is a lot for us to do.
回顧當初下鄉的原因，有二個面向：其一，黃瑞茂老師與我有許多都市的經驗，並且偏向策略性的處理都市問題。都市的問題錯綜複雜，牽涉的變因繁多，疊床架屋，硬體軟體如出一轍。許多我們發展出來的策略和方法，均難逃束之高閣的命運，其原因不是因為產出太輕薄，或者過於學術，而是因為策略牽動的硬體與軟體，層面層次複雜，行政上交錯糾結，因此，合理的變成無理，隨手可行的變成窒礙難行。農村的問題不會比較簡單，問題的釐清與對策也不見得比較容易，然而，農村的實情與軟硬體，終究較為簡單，思考面與執行面的因素，也相對的單純一些。另一個衡量的面向則是：建築與都市背景的老師與學生，算是大半個局外人，經驗從缺是一定的，但是我們有一雙較清新的眼（fresh eyes），和有一顆較清新的心（fresh mind），也許這正是解決一個古老的問題最需要的。
Looking back, there were two things driving us to go to Cihtong. First, both Prof. Huang and I have quite a few experiences in urban issues, especially strategies for urban problems that are very complicated, involving too many conditions and overlapping factors, in terms of materiality and immateriality. Many strategies we had come up were laid aside, not because the outcomes weighted too little, or the approaches too academic, but because they required reconciliation of thinking and doing, and cooperation between intertwined layers in administrative bodies. Our requests are often deemed as irrational and impractical. Of course issues in countrysides are not easier, and to clarify them before adopting a strategy takes no less effort, but situations in countrysides are relatively simple, and transformation in thinking and doing are more likely to be accomplished. Second, teachers and students of architecture and urban planning inevitably lack experience in dealing with matters in countrysides, but our fresh eyes and fresh minds will be needed to solve the problems existing since the long history.
除了我們半年一班的｢放牛班｣之外，放牛需要吃草，因此我們結交了許多朋友，一群熱心努力的農友，包括：關心農事的官員，仍有幹勁的專家，已經下海從事｢寂靜革命｣的戰士，仍把農村視為故里的城裡人，以及關心飲食關心健康的許多人。我們稱這群人，和這個農村現場為：｢農村策略場｣（Rural Strategy Fields）。
During our “pasturing classes” we made a lot of friends, in addition to farmers, we got to know public officials who care about agriculture, experts and worriers who fight for the environment on land or in ocean, city settlers who never can leave behind their hometowns in the countrysides, and people who urge to grow healthy food. That's why we named this occasion “Rural Strategy Fields”.
參數農村： Parametric Farming Villages .
如果我們用｢參數式｣的思考來理解農村，也許可以把複雜的問題，簡化到某個程度，讓我們可以切入問題，可以掌握到問題的基本架構（framework）。首先我們找出關鍵參數（key parameter），或影響因子，然後在建立這些參數之間的關係，或方程式（equations），那麼一個粗略的模組（model）便可據此建立。我們調整不同的參數，觀察模組的變化，並且來回反覆微調模組，使她更為合理，更接近真實，同時，我們也解讀模組的結果，產出的意義，並與現況對照。這便是我們的方法，她幫助我們初步的理解農村現況，理解我們觸碰的農村問題。要回答農村裡那些是關鍵的參數前，首先要有一些合理的基本假設，以及基於現況，對未來的趨勢也作一些合理的假設，在這些｢條件｣下，方可展開實驗與鋪陳。
With parameters we might be able to simplify the complicated business to a certain level, to understand farming villages better and cut through their issues by setting up a framework first. We found and decided what should be the key parameters and what should be impact factors. After establishing the relationship between these parameters and factors with equations, a model was roughly produced. Then we adjusted different parameters and observed the changes reflected on the model and modified the model piece by piece to make it more reasonable and closer to the reality. We also decoded the information provided by the model and compared it to the current state every now and then. This model helped us get primary understanding of farming villages and the problems we tried to deal with. Before deciding what should be the key parameters we have some hypotheses based on the current conditions and reasonable prediction of the future trends, then we kicked off our experiments according to the plots we had deduced.
要回答農村裡的小問題，可能牽涉到農村外的大問題，因此，我們分成大中小（L, M, S.）三個尺度，三種尺度中的問題不一樣，但是彼此垂直相關。三種尺度幫助我們將問題分類，並釐清問題的周邊涵構，問題間彼此的關係，以及回答問題時的著力點和周邊的對應條件。
To address small issues in farming villages we might have to draw in big issues outside of the farming villages, so we set scales into three: Large, Medium and Small(L, M, S); matters belonging to different scales were vertically correlated. These scales helped us categorize the issues we were facing, and clarify the influential factors as well as the relationship between the factors. At last, we decided the effort force after clarifying the surrounding conditions.
基本假設（Basic assumptions, Trends）
依據現況與趨勢，我們有下列五項的基本假設：
According to the current conditions and predicted trends, we have hypotheses of five subjects:
1. 規劃時間（Time frame）
我們的作為是想像農村的未來，欲達彼岸，需要時間。土地永也不老，因此土地的時間是慢長的，節奏是緩慢的，土地復育需要時間，時間框架設定為30年，依此想像復育的可能，明確方向，設定分期的逐步目標。在30年的過程中，變化的因素很多，因此，價值、概念、綱要、與策略敘明，手段與細則無須計較，保留彈性，保留回饋與自我修正的空間（feedback and self-adjust mechanism）。
We set our eyes on the future of farming villages, and it takes time to get there. Lands don't age, they have a long time frame with slow paces. We set thirty years for the restoration of lands, then we set different phrases as well as the goals of each phase. All things could change, thus values, concepts, principles, strategies and methodology should maintain flexible instead of being defined in details in order to establish a self-adjusting mechanism. This mechanism should be based on the feedbacks to our approaches.
2. 人口（Population Projection）
我們假設未來的農村趨勢，因為能源與糧食的雙重危機，人口將回流鄉村，鄉村人口緩慢增加，分擔少數城市人口集中的壓力。台灣的人口趨近高峰期，預估於2025年開始下滑，於2060年，人口將降至1,884萬。依據2010年經建會的普查，常住人口，五都佔全台60.8%，且有增加之勢（註二），因此農村人口已經流失，如果現狀不改，將加速下滑。農村需要人口回流的策略，未來農村人口的組成，將包括：務農人口，農業周邊專業，白領受薪階級，退休人口等。白領受薪階級為農村吸收的主要對象，農村人口將有結構性的改變，預期：農業相關人口佔20%，非農人口占80%。此一人口假設，也是農村演化的長期目標，其策略與手段容後敘明。
We predicted that people will start coming back to farming villages when crises of energy and food begin, and the overly concentration of urban population will be relieved. It is estimated that the peak of Taiwan's population will show in 2025, then Taiwan begins to depopulate. To 2060, the population will drop to 18.84 million. According to an 2010 investigation by the Council for Economic Planning and Development, 60.8% of Taiwan's population resided in the five metropolises, and the number was still increasing(note2). It means people are still leaving rural areas and the decrease of rural population will aggravated if no solutions come up. In order to attract people moving back to rural areas, the population should include white-collar class and retired people in addition to farmers and people working for the peripheral industries of agriculture. A drastic change for the combination of population is necessary, white-collar class will be the prior group for rural migration. We expect a combination of 20% farming population and 80% non-farming population. This is a long term goal for the reform of farming villages, how it will be achieved is delineated in later chapters.
3. 節能減碳（Energy Saving）：
｢能源價格持續攀升｣是一個簡單的假設，也是事實。國際間達成減碳共識，節能減碳迫使全球改變生活方式。內政部長李鴻源問了兩個問題（註三）：台灣自主能源只佔0.8%，2008年花1.8兆台幣購買油、煤、氣、核等能源，我們有機會改善嗎？另一個問題是：二十多年來，台灣的溫室氣體排放每年增加4.2%，2010年佔全球總排放量0.65%，或11.0噸/人年，預計2025年時所要繳納碳稅將達1,427億台幣，我們能不減量嗎？ “The costs of energy keep soaring” is a simple assumption that certainly is going to be a truth. An agreement of reducing carbon-dioxide has been reached internationally, which urges people all over the world to change their lifestyles. Minister of the Interior Lee Hung-Yuan has raised two questions(note 3): One, Taiwan's self-supplied energy only takes 0.8% of total consumption, in 2008 we spent 1.8 trillion Taiwan Dollars to import gasoline, coal, oil and nuclear power. Do we have chance to change that? Second, over the past two decades, our greenhouse gases emission increased 4.2% each year, in 2010 we took 0.65% of the global emission, equal to 11 tons per person in a year. With this speed, Taiwan will have to pay 142.7 billion Taiwan Dollars carbon tax in 2025. Is there any way we can reduce our carbon-dioxide emission?
這裡需要補充說明的是：全球人均二氧化碳排放量是4.29噸/人年，台灣是全球人均的2.5倍。同樣的人均排放量（噸/人年），新北市6.37，台北市6.38，高雄市26.27（含電廠排放），台南縣11.08，南投縣7.05（註三）。上面的數值初步說明：人口密度高的區域，人均二氧化碳排放量較低，因此，節能減碳在農村是重要的，如果以國家付碳稅的概念來看，農村則是關鍵的戰場。
The global average carbon-dioxide emission per person is 4.29 tons, it means people in Taiwan produce greenhouse gases 2.5 times of the average. In rural areas the numbers are even higher. New Taipei City is 6.7 tons, Taipei City 6.38 tons, Kaohsiung City 26.27(including the emission of power plants), Tainan City 11.08 tons, and Nantou County 7.05 tons(note 3). These data suggests that average greenhouse gases emission are lower in high density areas, thus to save carbon tax, reducing carbon-dioxide in rural areas is very crucial.
4. 食物（Food）
食物供需將走上｢區域性自給率｣提高的方向，包括｢多元｣ ｢量產｣。20年內，地球的人口預期將會急速增加20億人以上，食物的生產必須增加百分之四十以上。糧食匱乏是各國不可逃避的挑戰，而糧食戰爭已經開始。加之，傳統能源短缺，運輸成本攀升，兩相夾殺之下，區域性的糧食產量與類型需要重新規劃，如何將有限的資源做最佳的安排，是我們的共同挑戰。在此概念下，將一一檢視下列課題：簡化農糧配銷制度，提升土地使用效率，提高區域性糧食生產的多樣性，科技輔助經濟效益等。（註四）
Food supply and demand should be more self-sufficient and local-oriented, with greater quantities and greater diversity. In twenty years, the global population will go up to 2 billion, needs for food will increase more than 40%. Food shortage has become an inevitable challenge of every country, and food wars have been waged. Considering the pending energy crisis and the soaring costs of transportation, regional agricultural production, such as the types of products, should be re-planned in order to make the most efficient resource distribution. Four things we have to work on: Simplifying the distribution and sales systems of agricultural products, improving the efficiency of land use, elevating regional agricultural diversity, applying technology to increase productivity(note 4).
5. 法規（Laws and Codes）：
法規面的參考與討論在此上位思考階段，並不重要。原因有二：其一，法規是執行面的管理工具，重在預防與保養（prevention and maintenance），我們目前的工作重點在架構關鍵問題與解決策略，著眼在合理有效。法規的原始目地是保障公共利益與維護公共安全的，因此她必須與時俱進，只要合理，是可改可變的。其二，目前台灣的法規已老化僵化，執行上的漏洞與矛盾逐漸顯現，與現實需求落差甚大，復以議會擱置，修法緩慢，此時的參考價值不高，並可能干擾上位性的架構與邏輯的釐清。同時，我們也期許一冊｢文明法規｣的誕生，她具備下列機制，以達到彈性適用，與時俱進的需求：可調整（adjustable），可講理（reasoning），可對話（dialogue）、可回饋（feedback）。
We decided that at this point, discussions on laws and codes wouldn't play any crucial role in our contemplation. Two reasons, first, laws and codes are for prevention and maintenance, and our work focuses on actively finding applicable and effective solutions for key issues. The purposes of laws and codes are to assure public safety and benefits, they should acknowledge circumstantial changes and should be changeable, which we don't see in the current laws. Second, Taiwan's laws and codes regarding rural areas are outdated, the inflexibility and contradictions have shown in their execution, and the discrepancies between laws and the reality have augmented. Additionally, any amendment of laws is easily to be put off by congress or councils, thus the current laws have very little value for our work. Although considering bad laws only puts our logic at risk, we still expect the birth of a more civilized system of laws. A good law should be adjustable, able to reason and to have dialogues, and is responsive to feedbacks.
關鍵參數（Parameters）
為要｢將有限的資源作最佳的安排｣，我們引進參數式的思考方式，亦即在｢既有的｣和｢設定的｣條件中，建立新的依存關係，使之達到｢極大化｣｢最佳化｣的結果（ultimate value）。那麼那些是關鍵參數呢？共計四大項，分別包括若干子項，她們可在使用與回饋的過程中，不時的被整合調整。
In order to make the best arrangement of very limited resources, we introduced parameters to establish new relationships between existing conditions and factors we set, and tried to maximize their interdependence and ultimate value. What are the key parameters? We decided four things should be the key parameters, and there are sub-parameters under each of them. They are:
1. 地理（Geography）
2. 村鎮（Towns and Villages）
3. 道路（Roads） 4. 工作（Jobs）
此架構是一種思考方式，可以使用傳統的設計工具操作，也可以直接應用數位軟體。以下分別敘述其相關的子項與內容：
This framework provides a way of thinking, it can apply traditional design tools, it also can be realized with digital software. The sub-parameters of each key parameters are:
1. 地理（Geography）
I. 氣候： Climate:
極端氣候，造成天災，威脅人居與農作，它的不可預測和不確定性，對農作傷害很大。
Disasters caused by extreme climate are the number one threat to our lives, homes and agriculture. Unpredictable and disquiet climate could be very harmful.
II. 土地： Lands:
人居的發生與地理條件，息息相關。人類對地理條件的依賴漸減，因為受人類發展的科技之賜，今日能源糧食等全球性問題，讓我們重新回到｢人居依歸土地｣的邏輯，重新整理我們居住的方式和環境。在人居到自然的光譜（spectrum）上，她不應仍是｢均勻分佈｣和｢連續不斷｣的，一如今日的整體結果。氣候變遷無法逆轉，但是可以減緩。光譜上的趨勢應該朝人居面積減縮，自然面積極大的方向調整，人居與自然之間，緩衝以農地，稱為里山。簡言之，｢復育｣是重行調整人與土地關係的基本概念，人居與農地都朝｢修復｣（repair）與｢保育｣（preserve）土地的方向改善，一個簡單的邏輯，一個明確的方向。（註五）
Housing had a lot to do with geographic conditions but thanks to technology we depend on them less and less. Nevertheless, as energy and food crises threaten us, we have to go back to the natural law of earth and reexamine our living and environment. We might not be able to conquer climate change, but at least we should slow it down. The conversion of nature to manmade environment was not a mild process that happened gradually, it takes drastic measures. Now we should reverse the direction. We should eliminate manmade areas as much as possible and leave spaces to nature. Farming fields are buffer zones between manmande environment and nature, which we call Satoyama. In short, land restoration is to readjust the basic ideas we have about the relationship between man and lands. We repair and preserve our living status as well as farming fields. A simple principle, a clear direction(note 5).
土地由山地、丘陵、與平原構成。因此；山地：人居與經濟行為應逐步漸進的，完全退出山地。丘陵：條件性與限制性的使用丘陵地。平原：不再發生低密度的開發行為，里山農作接軌區域生態，有效友善的使用土地。（註六）
A rough topographic categories of lands are mountains, hillocks and plains. Our living and commercial activities should gradually withdraw from mountains, and use hillocks with limitations. Development should concentrate in plains. Satoyoma integrates farming fields into the entire ecology, assuring environmental friendly usage of lands(note 6)
III. 河流：洪泛 Rivers: Inundation
濁水溪的宛延長度不及200公里，高度下降2400米，同樣的高度，淡水河與大甲溪的長度約80公里，這是台灣河域獨有的特性，河川治理與防洪挑戰極高。河流 土地，各有邏輯，水庫堤防都不屬於她的邏輯。人工設施如何撤出河域，將是主要課題，與洪泛相關的課題有：疏洪、滯洪。與河域的保育相關的課題有：復育、淤積、防砂、蓄水、與農耕互利的可能性、以及維護管理等。（註七）
The winding Jhuoshuei River is shorter than 200KM, its total elevation drop is 2,400M. Rivers of the same elevation drops are Danshui River and Dachia River, but they are as short as 80KM. High elevation drops in short distances are the traits of Taiwan's rivers, it is the tough challenges for the hydraulic engineering and flood management. Waters and lands have their own natural logic, reservoirs or dams are not compatible to the nature of rivers. The demolition of manmade constructions will be the major task for flood diversion and mitigation. Beside river management is the conservation of waterways, including tasks of restoration, silt dredging, water retaining. These measures can create mutual benefits between rivers and agriculture (note 7).
IV. 雨水：農作依賴雨水，雨水的過多與過少也帶來災害。
Rain: Agriculture relies on rain water, too much or too little causes damages
a. 乾旱：單日降雨量及豪大雨日數增加，四季降雨日數減少。台灣年平均降雨量有旱澇加劇之趨勢。
Drought: Although days of heavy rain or extremely heavy rain in a year increased, raining days in all four seasons decreased. Evidences show that the uneven rainfall is worsening the damages of droughts and floods.
b. 灌溉：兩項要件，分別是灌溉渠道，與蓄水池。灌溉渠道作經濟有效的規劃，在送水與回收過程中，減少浪費，防止汙染，與生態系統共生，增加附加價值。在旱澇加劇之趨勢下，滯洪池，蓄洪池與灌溉系統整合，兼具防洪功能。
Irrigation: Two facilities constitute an irrigation system, irrigation canals and water storage ponds. The planning of canals should assure efficient water delivery, drainage and re-use. Efficient irrigation saves resources, reduces pollution and is ecological friendly. Detention ponds and flood storage ponds incorporate irrigation systems; meanwhile mitigating inundation.
V. 地層下陷： Ground Sinking:
雲林地區81-98年累積下陷量，每年八公分向下沉淪。下陷速度以土庫與虎尾居冠，目前下陷速度趨緩。（土庫：9.5cm/year, 2001 → 虎尾：6.8cm/year, 2011）
The lands in Yunlin County sank 8 centimeter each year since 1992 to 2009. Although the sinking alleviated in recent years, Tuku and Huwei had the worst sinkage(Tuku sank 9.5cm in 2001 and Huwei sank 6.8cm in 2011).
VI. 海水上升：西海岸農地流失，因為海水上升，以雲林尤甚，因此，它是一個自然復育的機會，人居與農耕有計畫性的退出，交還給自然。 Sea Level Rise: Farmlands washed away due to sea level rise is worst in Yunlin County. Nevertheless, it gives us an opportunity to recuperate ecology. Human intervention such as buildings and farming should gradually withdraw from these areas and leave them to nature.
面對未來不可測的氣候災難，最有效根本的防治辦法－國土規劃。內政部長李鴻源認為：｢國土規劃不單是土地的合理開發、分配和利用，國土規劃應該是一套涵蓋價值觀念、法令制度、行動實踐、以及管理執行的體制。｣
Confronting unpredictable natural disasters and extreme weather, the fundamental measure is the reexamination of our land planning policy. Minister Lee Hung-Yuan pointed out that, “Land planning is not simply for the development, distribution or usage of lands; it should cover the establishment of concepts and value, the systematic installation of laws, as well as the management of practice.”
2. 村鎮（Towns and Villages）
都市蔓延（urban sprawl）發生在大城市周邊的郊區，更發生在鄉村小鎮的周邊，大眾交通工具從缺的鄉村，道路工程便是地方建設的代名詞，汽車與摩托車遊走村鎮田野，將鄉村小鎮的原始｢鄉街｣摧殘殆盡。沒有法規，沒有管理，新建物新功能沿著道路蔓延散置，無處不可，無處不在，因此，村裡村外無法識別，沒有街道，沒有廣場，只有連綿 盡的｢剩餘空間｣和｢破碎空間｣（leftover spaces and fragmented spaces）。（註八）
Urban sprawl has been a problem not only in suburban but also around small towns and villages. In rural areas of insufficient public transportation, infrastructure is nothing more than road constructions. Small alleys between communities are destroyed as cars and motorbikes run through streets and fields, new buildings and new roads sprawl everywhere without regulations or management. No discernible boundaries between the inside and outside of the villages. No streets, no squares, no inviting public spaces, but fragmented, leftover spaces(note 8).
鄉鎮以最廉價、最自由的方式，無止盡的往外擴展，而內部則同時傾頹，碎化的農地，無法大面積耕作，散置的農舍和閒置的工廠共籌共謀低落的環境品質，耗費能源，暴殘天物，因此，農地與農村幾乎同時失序（註九）。如何將目前鬆散的農村逐步｢收縮｣，重拾農村的密度（註十），恢復農村的人口與功能，是必須思考的方向（註十一），如何強化功能尚屬完整的鄉村，如何解體零星失焦的居住群簇，重新整理農村農地的整體邏輯，調整農村與城鎮的依附關係（註十二）。我們需要問：適居宜居的農村面積應該多大？人口與建物的密度應該為何？要回答這些問題，我們需要思考：平均個人耗能、土地價值、物理環境、交通運輸、基礎設施、住宅形式等。（註十三）
While cheap, unrestrained and unstoppable sprawl of towns fragmentizes farmlands and devastates communities, scattered farmhouses and abandoned factories worsen the living quality, consume energy and waste natural resources. Both farmlands and farming villages are ruined(note 9). The prior missions now are to restore the density of farming villages by bringing together the deranged communities, attracting migrants and recuperating the functions of living and working(note 11). And to farming villages that are not badly dilapidated, the tasks are to break up inappropriate clusters of houses and reorganize the spatial logic of farming villages and farmlands, and to adjust their role as attachments to cities(note 12). Questions should be raised include: how big a village is will be ideal for living? How dense the population and buildings should be in a farming village? To find the answers, we need to think about matters such as average energy consumption per person, the value of lands, the physical conditions of the environment, infrastructure and transportation, and the types of living in a place(note 13).
台灣的人口結構在改變之中，改變尤以鄉村為甚。外籍配偶的家庭數逐年增高，全國新住民子女人數直接反映在校園，全國學生比例超過20%之國小有855所，其中雲林縣93所，嘉義縣81所，南投縣75所…。預推2030年時，台灣的25歲青壯年世代，將有近13.5%為新移民之子（註十四）。新住民家庭帶給社區新的變數、刺激、與機會。
The changing structure of Taiwan's population is especially significant in rural areas. Families of foreign wives increase in number every year, and their children take larger and larger parts in schools. 855 elementary schools throughout Taiwan have more than 20 % kids from immigrant parents, among them 93 are in Yunlin County, 81 in Chiayi County, and 75 in Nantou County. It is estimated that in 2030, 13.5% twenty-five years old population will be from immigrant parents(note 14). Although these new comers bring uncertainty to their communities, they could be challenges as well as opportunities.
3. 道路（Roads）
道路將關鍵的建構自然、農地、鄉村、城鎮之間的關係（Re-defining relationship between city and town）。1985年公布之都市計劃法，建構在｢汽車快速成長是城鄉未來發展趨勢｣的基礎假設上，並依此訴求規劃道路。今日，鄉間道路千脈縱橫，遠多過需求，新建道路鼓勵私人載具的擁有，並對農地保水與生態切割造成嚴重影響，如何｢收縮道路｣、｢水泥減量｣將是重要課題。（註十五）
Roads decide the relationship between nature, farmlands, rural villages and towns or cities. The Law of Urban Planing promulgated in 1985 was based on the assumption that numbers of cars will increase fast in cities as well as in rural areas, more roads were needed. The results were excessive networks of roads stretching through fields, private vehicles were encouraged to take them without the awareness that ecology of farming lands and water conservation was seriously affected. How to reduce the areas occupied by concrete roads is another crucial matter(note 15).
交通運輸可分為｢人流｣｢物流｣兩大類，能源匱乏導致運輸的未來趨勢，傾向於以｢大眾交通系統｣處理｢人流｣，以｢道路系統｣處理｢物流｣。使用傳統能源的汽車將改用乾淨能源，未來私人載具將大幅減少。只有人口密度夠高的城市，才能負擔大眾交通工具，達到財務永續，因此，鄉村如何有資格談大眾交通工具？答案是：我們不能用今天的邏輯，解決未來的問題。能源匱乏將改變我們的生活方式，我們未必有選擇，但是我們可以創造並且選擇答案。當鄉村需要依賴大眾交通系統時，大眾交通系統是重組城鄉關係最有用的工具，鬆散而迷你的鄉村將式微，進而消失。經由大眾交通系統梳理後的鄉村，讓農地丘塊得以整合，鄉村功能得以完善，因此得以提高地利，換取更多不被人居干擾的自然。
Roads transport passengers and commodities, when energy is insufficient, passengers tend to use public transportation and leave roads for commodity delivery. Scattered small villages decline and finally disappear, absorbed into larger villages with more comprehensive living functions, farmlands are integrated, fields are left alone. Values of lands are restored, and nature is less interfered. Much fewer cars run on roads, and they all use green energy. Public transportation might be the most efficient tool to restructure the relationship between cities and rural areas. Nevertheless, only populated metropolises can afford the construction and maintenance of public transportation, how can rural areas manage to support public transportation? To find the solution we can't use today's logic to imagine the situation in the future. Although energy crisis definitely is going to change our lifestyles and leave us no choice, we can create options.
大眾交通系統有：高速鐵路（HSR），長程鐵路（Train）、區間車（Intercity Train），捷運（MRT, Mass Rapid Transit）、輕軌（light rail）、快捷巴士（BRT, Bus Rapid Transit）、和巴士等。工作在城市，居住在鄉村的生活模式，需要依賴大眾交通系統和｢換乘｣機制。台灣西部海岸的城市，在未來可能動用到的大眾交通系統有：區間車、輕軌、快捷巴士等，以之結合換乘機制，她可能是使用乾淨能源的私人載具，kiss and ride，park and ride，或者是腳踏車，地方巴士等。（註十五）
Public transportation includes high speed railway(HSR), long distant trains, intercity trains, mass rapid transit(MRT), light rails, bus rapid transits(BRT) and buses. The lifestyle of working in the cities and residing in rural areas relies on a well connected and transferable public transportation. Cities along the west coast in Taiwan might have combined systems of intercity trains, light rails and BRT. Private vehicles with green energy can join programs such as “Park and Ride”, namely using bicycles or local buses for part of their trips(note 15).
道路系統有｢農用｣道路與｢車用｣道路。車用道路系統有：高速公路（Freeway）、快速道路（Highway）、服務性道路（Service Road）。｢車用｣道路以物流使用為主，在未來，私人載具的減少將導致車用道路逐漸減少。目前的鄉村，一律鋪上水泥或柏油，農用與車用混成使用，因此無處不是道路。將農用與車用分開思考，車用道路減少，農用道路則可逐步替換以環保工法構造的路面，透水性高，友善環境生態，僅供農作使用，終結水泥和柏油鋪面橫行四溢的鄉村現況。（註十二）
Since all roads, agricultural use or not, are paved, cars and farming vehicles drive on them indiscriminately. In the future, freeways, highways and service roads that are not for agricultural use will be mainly for commodity transportation , fewer and fewer private cars will run on these roads. Roads for cars can be reduced, and roads for farming vehicles can be built with eco-friendly methodology: permeable pavements. The invasion of concrete and asphalt in rural areas will be terminated(note 12).
4. 工作（Jobs）
輕忽農業的年代，反映在農業經濟的流失。觀之殘破衰敗的農村硬體，不難讀出農村軟體內容的逐漸掏空。無論是在平地或山區，走進鄉村，從南到北，差異不大，寂靜的街道停放著摩托車和汽車，建物品質廉價而簡陋，附加物則更加草率：鐵皮、膠棚、遮陽、水箱、廣告、水管、電線、垃圾等，閒置街頭，歪斜飄搖。硬體的崩塌洩露了村鎮的實質內容，人口流失，家庭破碎，經濟萎靡，產業蕭條。這些狀況彼此相關，根源性的問題只有一個：工作在哪裡？因此，必須回答的是：如何創造工作？（How do you generate jobs?）
The decline of agricultural economy is the consequence of ignoring agriculture. The dilapidated buildings in farming villages also reflect that life and culture have gradually hollowed out. From the north to the south, villages in plains or in mountains do not show much different: Several cars and motorbikes park in silent streets, all the houses are cheaply built with even cheaper attachments like iron walls, plastic canopies, sunsetter awnings, water tanks, advertising boards, water pipes and electric wires. Trash piles are left on the corners, flapped by wind. These scenes of destitute betray the truth that people have left their broken homes because of the recession and the death of industries. This situation was caused by correlated reasons, but all could be attributed to one thing: No jobs. We have to ask: How to generate jobs?
新的工作可能是在鄉村，也可能是在附近的二線城市，白領受薪階級工作在城裡，但是有機會住在鄉村，生活在鄉村。鄉村的復甦，依賴有工作的居民，居民有了工作，才有住宅，才有家庭，才有商業，才有休閒，才有生活的其它要件，村鎮因此才具備村鎮構成的基本要件。即使是農村，農民與農業相關行業的居民在未來的趨勢裡，大約只占全部居民的20%，居民的職業結構中有80%，非關農事。因此，鄉村的復甦，關鍵是｢交通｣。
New jobs might be around the villages or in the smaller cities not far away. White-collar class might work in the cities and live in rural areas. The recovery of farming villages depends on stable employment of local people. People establish homes after they have incomes, establish businesses after they have homes, and have leisure life among other activities after they have stable business. A village or a town provides basic living needs after people have all these. It is predicted that in th future, only 20% population in farming villages work for agriculture and agriculture-related industries. The rest of the 80% population will have to rely on traffic between cities and villages, thus transportation play crucial role in the revitalization of rural areas.
如果我喜歡住在鄉村，如何在一小時門到門（door to door）的通勤範圍內能找到工作，是我能否住在鄉下的關鍵條件，否則我只好住在提供工作的城裡。台灣幅員不廣，城鄉比鄰，如果規劃得宜，適當調整城鄉關係，交通可以便利有效，也可以節能低碳。鄉村的基本條件異於城市，可以發展專屬鄉村的商機，例如：退休經濟，休閒旅遊，民俗節慶，醫療復健等。凡此，都是尚待開發的商業模式，也都是鄉村未來的工作機會。
If there is a door-to-door shared ride program that can bring people from their homes to their works, there will be more people choosing to live in villages and work in cities, otherwise they will have to live in cities even villages are preferred. Taiwan is a tiny island, villages and cities are next to one another, with good planning, the relationship between rural areas and urban spaces can be adjusted, and more convenient, energy-saving, low carbon traffic will take shape for people commuting between homes and works. Very different to urban places, rural areas have different needs and will have different businesses, such as the service for retired people and visitors, from health to leisure, travels or folk festivals. There is great potential for new business models and great possibilities of generating jobs in rural areas.
不能不談的建築教育 Role of Architecture Education
我們四年級的建築設計課常被挑戰，為什麼建築系的學生需要觸及農業？為什麼身為建築系的學生整學期需要畫建築設計圖？為什麼學生共同做設計作業？為什麼老師共同上課？層出不窮的問題，讓老師有所懷疑，學生更有疑義。焦慮、不習慣、甚至不耐煩的氛圍，偶而會在進展不順利的時候發生，作為老師，沒有一個問題，我們可以迴避，而且答案必須是清清楚楚。
Design programs for senior students are often questioned: Why students majoring architecture have to involve agriculture? Why they spend the whole semester drawing design? Why they do design in groups? Why a class is taught by several teachers? Teachers begin to have doubts about their programs, and students are worried. The air of anxiety, uncertainty and impatience would emerge when things don't go well. As a teacher, nothing we can dodge, we must figure out clear answers for any doubt.
沒有親身使用過的知識，就不是自己的知識，有多年教學經驗的老師都不難理解這件事，當我們教學生時，我們有很多的想像，例如：學生應該知道｢… 等等｣，我們整理準備重要的知識，用心的教給學生。完成這個部分的教學，我們只做到教育的一小部分，因為，我們不要忘記問一件重要的事：教學成果該如何驗收？
All veteran teachers have realized that knowledge might not mean anything if one never really experiences it or applies it. We have a lot of assumptions for our classes, we assume students should know certain things and prepare subjects we believe to be indispensable and pass them on devotedly. Even this is done, we only achieve a small part of education. We also should not avoid asking ourselves: How can we evaluate the achievement of our teaching?
當今天的許多專業知識已成為唾手可得的公共資源（shared knowledge），每件知識都重要，每件知識也都不重要，端看你手邊要處理的問題是什麼？需要的知識就重要，不需要的知識，此時不重要，也許永遠不重要，因為你一直沒有機會使用它。知識的準備可借用大賣場的物流邏輯：零倉儲，因為，我們無法為｢未知｣儲存知識，否則我們會累死。知識的收集像安排人力一樣，我們稱之為：任務編組（Task force）。任務能否完成，不只是因材適用的問題，更重要的，它需要依據任務的需求，量身訂作它所需要的｢專業架構｣，解決當代的問題，通常都不是單一專業可以完成，因此，解決問題所需要的知識也是一樣。
Today a lot of professional knowledge can be shared, knowledge could be significant or insignificant, depending on how it will be applied or what problems needed to be solved. Knowledge we need in life is important, knowledge we don't need now is not important and might not be forever. The absorption of knowledge is like the logistics of shopping centers, keeping it as less as possible in case we are overly burdened by too much inventories. The accumulation of knowledge is similar to human resource management, and we assemble a task force to be in charge of it. Whether the tasks can be accomplished or not is decided, not only by assigning the right tasks to the right personnel, but also through a professional framework that is precisely structured by the types of tasks. Problem shooting today can't be done by just a single profession or a single field of knowledge.
知識必須｢現學現用｣，新鮮的知識經過應用，方能成為專業者的知識，進而成為有用的專業知識。如果我們同意這個道理，那麼我們也應該同意，小至｢訓練｣，大至｢教育｣，其驗收的重點應該放在：驗收學生｢學習能力｣的成長，而非驗收學生的｢知識｣的成長，因為我們無法保證這些知識在未來仍然｢有用｣，特別是高等教育。我們整個的考試制度，基本上是建立在驗收｢知識｣的邏輯上，它繼而形塑了我們教育的邏輯，它剛好與知識的功用背道而馳，無可避免的，我們的教育最終流於形式，流於｢科舉｣，而台灣則淪為｢補習之島｣。
Knowledge should be learned and applied. After applying it, new knowledge becomes one's professional know-how. If this is agreed, then from training to education, the principles of evaluation should be about students' growth of learning abilities, instead of how much knowledge they have gained, since in high education we can't guarantee the knowledge we have taught will still applicable in the future. In our education system that is evaluated almost merely by examinations, knowledge gains equal to achievement, which is exactly the opposite to the purposes of absorbing knowledge. Our education has, unavoidably, regressed into bureaucratic examinations in old times, and tremendous numbers of cram school throughout the island are taking the real role of training.
｢農村策略場｣企圖解決農村的實際問題，並且在解決問題的過程中學習｢都市與建築｣，老師與學生在一個相對陌生，但實質相關的領域中，應用既有的資源，去尋找答案。學生的既有資源包括：二、三年級所學的建築設計的基本工具與建築知識、生活經驗、常識、以及一顆清新的腦袋，和一雙清新的眼睛。過程中，尋找議題，衡量自己重視的價值，在此價值中訂定：目標，與對應的問題，有了問題方有解決問題的策略和概念，有了抽象的思考定調，方能有後續的方法和執行的內容。她的程序是：Goal → Issue → Strategy → solution → Means → Design → Execution。
”Rural Strategy Fields” attempt to solve the practical problems in farming villages, and during the problem shooting, learn more about cities and architecture. In an unfamiliar field that is in fact related to our subjects we make use what we can get to look for solutions. What we can get are the fundamental architectural knowledge and basic tools the students had taken in the past two years, their life experience and common sense, as well as their clear minds and clear eyes. We clarify issues, look into values we think prior to all, we set up goals and remove obstacles from accomplishing the goals. As ideas and strategies come up, conception takes shape, then solutions and means will follow. A working procedure is laid out: Goal → Issue → Strategy → solution → Means → Design → Execution.
我們訓練：理解問題的能力，策略性思考的習慣，組織解決問題的知識架構，應用知識與工具的能力，這些都是能力，開始培養這種思考習慣和面對問題的心態，學生才能創造自我學習，自我成長的空間。個人的力量是單薄的，利用集體的力量補充個人的不足，是面對未知的必要手段，同學之間、老師之間、同學與老師之間的討論、辯論、刺激，無一不能缺席。
Our training aims to strengthen students' abilities to understand problems, to think strategies habitually, and to apply available knowledge and tools. With an active attitude to face problems, students will create their own opportunities of learning and growth. Individual efforts are powerless, and working together we have the supports for one another. Teamwork is necessary when we face unknown situations, and discussions, debates and brainstorming between classmates and teachers are all necessary.
將此概念著陸到建築，我們可以理解：學校與實物，數位與類比（傳統），乃至於設計與執行都是同一件事：創造。只要有問題，便需要想辦法解決，想辦法就是創造，否則便不是｢問題｣了，因為己有答案。解決問題時，最怕被鎖死在既有的知識樊籠中，用既有的答案來問問題，用現成的答案來回答陌生的問題，可能都是削足適履，自我設限。無論是什麼設計，傳統的或前衛的，數位的或類比的，都是在解決問題，它包含了｢需要創新｣才能解決的問題，也包含了已有｢現成答案｣的問題。因此重點是創新，遷就既有的答案作設計，是虛應故事，得不償失。至於建築的問題是如何發生的？答案是：問題是找到的。無論是設計問題，或是營建問題，問題有形形色色，端看你找到的問題值得一問嗎？解決營建問題，可以和設計一樣抽象，用設計解決問題，可以和營建一樣務實，我們常用二分法來問問題，或是回答問題，譬如：教學與實務，設計與營建。原因很簡單：貪圖方便。其實問題就是問題，解決各種問題的思考與態度是一致的，否則未必能找到真答案。
With the same approaches we go back to architecture and realize that in education and in practice, with digital tools or traditional methods, during the stage of design or execution, all point into one thing: creation. Finding solutions is creation. We should avoid limiting ourselves with old solutions or ready answers for new problems. Design, conventional or avant-garde styles, with high-tech or low-tech, for existing or coming challenges, is all about problem shooting and needs creativity. Creativity is the point, one can't pretends she/he is doing design with answers prepared previously. As to architecture, problems are discovered. There are all kinds of problems in design and in construction, can you find the problems that really matter? Dealing with problems in construction one might come up with solutions as conceptual as design, and dealing with problems in design one might figure out methods no less practical than construction. We have been too used to dichotomous thinking, such as teaching and practicing, design and construction. The reason is simple, it's convenient. Any problem should be solved with a consistent attitude to face the complexity, otherwise no question will be answered.
問題可以粗淺，但是答案必須單刀直入，不見血，不停止。回答問題的過程，是逐步逼近｢真實｣的過程，或說｢合理化｣的過程，把一個清新的想像，移植進真實世界的過程，她最困難也最重要，她需要反覆的檢視與修正，並且需要清楚記錄，通常，清楚記錄的過程，遠比結果來的有說服力。
Questions can be simple or incomplete, but answers must be as sharp as a slicing blade, unstoppable until it cuts into the core. Finding answers is to gradually approach the truths, or to justify the means so the well imagined plans could be installed in the real world. The greatest challenge is, they need to be examined again and again with clear records, which will be more convincing than the final outcomes.
同樣的道理可以說明真實與抽象，真實的世界是由抽象的架構組織起來的，因此抽象與真實是同一件事，每件事物也都有具體的實存與抽象的解讀，因此抽象與具體同時構成事物，沒有孤立的具體或抽象，也沒有絕對的具體或抽象。切開具體和抽象的二分法讓我們看到局部，在具體與抽象之間來回接軌，我們方能掌握事物的全部。參數式的思考是以抽象的工具，處理具體的事物。例如：農村是具體的實存，影響農村的因素、參數、或機制是抽象的。參數式的思考提供我們掌握農村全貌的機會，讓我們看到我們曾經錯過的，因為，理解真實的世界未必能夠完全依賴真實經驗。達爾文的偉大在於他有｢思接萬古｣的能力，他有寬廣的歷史視野。從具體想像已不存在的事物，從具體想像抽象。達爾文看見一個真實與抽象混成的世界，一個題供真相的世界。
The dichotomy also is seen in our thinking about materiality and immateriality. Material domains are organized by immaterial frames, they belong to the same world. Everything can be understood corporeally and incorporeally, nothing is absolutely corporeal or incorporeal. Separating them only results in partial views. We can't get the whole pictures of things unless we consider both sides. Parametric thinking is to deal with material matters with immaterial tools. For example, the material conditions in farming villages are affected by abstract factors, parameters and mechanism. Parametric thinking allows us to have a comprehensive understanding of farming villages without missing what we had ignored. We also have learned that, to know the truths we can't merely rely on experience. Charles Darwin's great theories had come up with his grand perspective, thanks to his ability to connect the remote past to the present, and to imagine the nonexistent from existent. The world mixed with real and unreal Darwin had seen was the world of truths.
附註： (英文版Notes要調整，蔡淑玲這篇文章是刊在聯副的沒外文標題)
註一：文章題目借自淡江大學法文系蔡淑玲教授精采的文學評論：｢情人不老 莒哈斯傳奇不滅｣
Note1: Borrowed title from essay “Forever Youth- Marguerite Duras' Lover”, Tsai Shu-Lin
註二：2010年至2060年臺灣人口推季報告（經建會2010）
Note2: Population Projection 2010~2060, Council for Economic Planning and Development, 2010
註三：2012-12-18李鴻源淡江大學建築系演講。
Note3: Speech in Tamkang University, Dec/18/2012
註四：吳明發；區域自給—產銷S,M,L
Note4: Wu Ming-Fa, Self-Supporting Regions- Production and Marketing S,M, L
註五：鄭凱蔚：投資生態—生態馬賽克
Note5: Cheng Kai-Wei, Investing Ecology- Ecological Mosaic
註六：李伯毅：農牧鍵結
Note6: Lee Bou-Yi, Bonding Agriculture and Paturage
註七：黃冠傑：水陸介面
Note7: Huang Kuan-Chieh: Intersurface of Land and Water
註八：Rem Koolhaas; Junk space, October, Vol. 100, Obsolescence (spring, 2002), pp. 175-190
註九：林遷傑；人工解體—工業→農牧→自然復育
Note9: Lin Jien-Chieh: Dismantling Artificial- Industries- Agriculture-Nature Recuperation
註十：黃笑金；鄉村住宅—住宅作為邊緣收縮的工具
Note10: Huang Hsiao-Jin, Rural Living- Living as The Concentration from Margins Toward Center
註十一：楊雅鈞；療育園區的勞動力
Note11: Yang Ya-Jun, Labor in the Healing Garden
註十二：李應承；鄉村道路之環境策略
Note12: Lee Yin-Cheng, Environmental Strategies for Rural Roads
註十三：吳冠毅；農牧淨水系統的社區開發
Note13: Wu Kuan-Yi, Water Purification Systems in Communities
註十四：2010年至2060年臺灣人口推季報告
Note14: Population Projection 2010~2060, Council for Economic Planning and Development, 2010
註十五：王韻齊；村鎮大眾交通路網
Note15: Wang Yun-Chi, Public Transit Networks in Town and Villages
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